Chemical laboratory common chemicals safe use and general operation

The range of hazardous chemicals in chemicals

Chemical varieties of hazardous chemicals characteristics belong to:

1. Explosive and unstable substances. Such as concentrated hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxide and so on.

2. Oxidizing substances. Such as oxidizing acids, hydrogen peroxide also belongs to this group.

3. Combustible substances. In addition to flammable gases, liquids, and solids, it also includes substances that can produce combustibles in moisture. Such as alkali metal hydride, calcium carbide and contact with air spontaneous combustion substances such as white phosphorus.

4. Toxic substances.

5. Corrosive substances. Such as acid, alkali, etc.

6. Radioactive material.

Laboratory reagent storage and use rules

Storage and use of laboratory reagents:

1, flammable and explosive reagents should be stored in the iron cabinet (wall thickness of more than 1mm), the top of the cabinet has a vent. It is strictly prohibited to store flammable liquids in bottles larger than 20L in the laboratory. Flammable and explosive drugs should not be placed in the refrigerator (except the explosion-proof cabinet refrigerator).

(2) Two or more compounds that can produce a violent reaction, combustion, explosion, and release toxic gases after mixing with each other or contact are called incompatible compounds and cannot be mixed. These compounds are mostly strong oxidizing substances and reducing substances.

3. Corrosive reagents should be placed in plastic or enamel plates or barrels to prevent accidents caused by bottle breakage.

4, pay attention to the storage period of chemicals, some reagents in the storage process will gradually deteriorate, and even form harm.

5, the drug cabinet and reagent solution should avoid direct sunlight and close to heating and other heat sources. Reagents that are required to avoid light should be packed in brown bottles or wrapped in black paper or black cloth and stored in a dark cabinet.

6. When the label on the reagent bottle is found to be dropped or will be blurred, the label should be affixed immediately. Reagents without labels or labels that cannot be recognized should be carefully handled as dangerous goods after re-identification, and should not be thrown away casually to avoid serious consequences.

7. Chemical reagents are positioned, reset after use, and used sparingly, but excess chemical reagents are not allowed to be poured back into the original bottle. Many of the chemicals exposed to in laboratory work are toxic to the human body. They have different ways and degrees of toxicity to the human body, some poisons can have several ways to enter the human body, and some poisons on the human body is chronic, cumulative, so we must pay enough attention to.

Common poisoning symptoms and protection knowledge

1. Chlorine gas

Mainly through the respiratory tract and skin and mucous membrane poisoning, inhalation immediately causes cough, shortness of breath, chest tightness, nasal congestion, tears and other mucosal irritation symptoms, severe can occur bronchitis, chemical pneumonia and toxic pulmonary edema, heart failure and death, aqueous solution also has a corrosive effect.

Treatment: 1, the indoor ventilation is good, wear a mask during operation; 2, leave the scene immediately, severe patients should be insulated, oxygen inhalation, injection of cardiotonic (no morphine); 3, when the eyes are irritated with 2% soda water eyes; Inhale 2% soda steam when your throat hurts.

2. Carbon monoxide and gas

It enters the body through the respiratory tract, binds with hemoglobin in the blood and other ferritin outside the blood, and loses the ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen when mild poisoning dizziness, nausea, and general weakness; Confusion of consciousness occurs during moderate intoxication. Severe poisoning immediately leads to coma, respiratory arrest and death.

Treatment: 1. Move the patient to fresh air and pay attention to heat preservation; 2, stop breathing immediately perform artificial respiration, and give oxygen containing 5-7% carbon dioxide; 3. Patients with respiratory failure should be injected with cardiac enhancers.

3. Hydrogen sulfide

Strong nerve poison, with rotten egg smell, easy to produce smell fatigue and loss of alertness, resulting in acute poisoning mild poisoning dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting; Severe poisoning shortness of breath, sudden loss of consciousness, death.

Treatment: 1, indoor ventilation should be good, feel unwell immediately leave the scene; 2, when the eyes are irritated, wash with 2% soda water, wet compress saturated boric acid solution and olive oil.

4. Sulfur Dioxide

Inhaled by the respiratory tract, it has a strong stimulating effect on the mucosa, causing conjunctivitis, tears, runny nose, dry throat, pain; Severe poisoning can lead to hoarseness, chest pain, dysphagia, laryngeal edema and death by suffocation.

Treatment: 1, immediately leave the scene, breathe fresh air, if found lung edema should be given oxygen; 2. Take sodium bicarbonate or sodium lactate to treat acidosis; 3. Rinse with 2% soda water when eye irritation occurs.

5, nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2)

Through the respiratory tract to the deep respiratory organ damage, may occur various degrees of bronchitis, pneumonia and emphysema, severe can lead to lung gangrene. Due to damage to the nervous system, inhalation of high concentrations of rapid suffocation death.

Treatment: 1, immediately leave the scene, keep absolutely quiet, breathe fresh air; 2, intravenous injection of 50% glucose 20-60mL; 3, symptomatic treatment.

6. Ammonia

It can be penetrated into human body by respiratory tract, digestive tract and skin mucosa. Intense eye irritation, watering, coughing, hoarseness. 0.45g/m3 exposure for 30min can be life-threatening.

Treatment: 1. Indoor ventilation, wear a mask or stop breathing immediately when handling ammonia or concentrated ammonia; 2. The inhalation victim should leave the scene immediately; The stomach of the poisoned person should be washed carefully, and the skin contact should be washed with water or dilute acetic acid immediately.

7. Methanol

Absorption of poisoning through the respiratory tract and skin. Inhalation poisoning damages the nervous system and causes optic nerve disease. Poisoning caused nausea, vomiting, body blue, heavy people soon stopped breathing and died.

Treatment: 1, ventilation should be good, the victim moved to fresh air; 2. It is strictly prohibited to use it as ethanol; 3. Inject antidote to inhalation poisoning.

8. Benzene and its homologues

Poisoning mainly through respiratory tract and skin penetration. Acute poisoning will be intoxication, followed by flushed face, dizziness, headache, vomiting, and even muscle cramps coma death; Chronic poisoning damage hematopoietic, nervous system, nasal cavity, gum bleeding, liver, kidney damage, general weakness.

Treatment: 1, use should be well ventilated; 2, try to use other non-toxic or low toxic solvents instead; 3, acute drug poisoning with artificial respiration, oxygen inhalation.

Safety protection and emergency measures of common inorganic acids

1. Sulfuric acid

Safety protection measures: respiratory system protection - when the concentration in the air exceeds the standard, you must wear a gas mask, and when rescuing or evacuating in an emergency, you should wear a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus; Eye protection - Wear chemical safety glasses; Body protection - wear rubber acid and alkali resistant protective clothing; Hand protection - Wear rubber protective gloves; Others - do not pour it into water. Smoking, eating and drinking are strictly prohibited in the workplace. Shower and change after work. Maintain good hygiene. When working in high concentration areas, there should be supervision.

Emergency measures: First aid measures - inhaling acid fog should immediately leave the scene, rest, semi-upright position, artificial respiration and medical care must be carried out; After skin contact, remove contaminated clothing, rinse quickly with plenty of water, and give medical care; Gargle after ingestion, drink plenty of water, do not induce vomiting, and give medical care. Fire prevention methods: No water, use dry powder, carbon dioxide, sand.

2. Nitric acid

Safety protection measures: respiratory system protection - when the concentration in the air exceeds the standard, you must wear a gas mask, and when rescuing or evacuating in an emergency, you should wear a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus; Eye protection - Wear chemical safety glasses; Body protection - wear rubber acid and alkali resistant protective clothing; Hand protection - Wear rubber protective gloves; Other - Smoking, eating and drinking are strictly prohibited in the workplace. Shower and change after work. Maintain good hygiene. When working in high concentration areas, there should be supervision.

Emergency measures: First aid measures - immediately away from the scene, to the fresh air, keep quiet and warm. Splash into the eyes should be washed with a lot of water for more than 15 minutes, skin contamination should be washed with a lot of water; Seek medical attention immediately in case of burns. Fire control method: non-combustible. Cut off the air source. Water spray cooling container. Move the container from the fire to an open area.